![]() However, for a single antenna element, reducing the back-lobe level becomes a challenging task. When the number of antenna elements increases, a noticeable reduction in the back-lobe level is observed. The back-lobe level of the antenna increases the specific absorption rate for mobile users, interference level from external source noise, and power loss which in turn reduces the signal-to-noise ratio in wireless communication systems ]. ![]() One of the main problems raised by the finite-ground plane patch antennas is the back-lobe radiation, which is a direct consequence of surface wave diffraction at the edges of the ground plane.
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